In modern vehicles, precise control of camshaft timing is essential for optimal engine performance, particularly in systems with Variable Valve Timing (VVT). The P0022 trouble code, a common OBD-II diagnostic code, indicates an issue with the camshaft timing being over-retarded on Bank 2. This article provides an in-depth exploration of P0022, including its definition, potential causes, symptoms, diagnostic steps, and solutions. Enriched with real-world case studies—such as issues in the Toyota Highlander and other models—this guide offers actionable insights for vehicle owners and technicians to effectively address this fault.

1. What is P0022?

P0022 is an OBD-II diagnostic trouble code (DTC) defined as "Camshaft Position 'A' - Timing Over-Retarded (Bank 2)." It signals that the Engine Control Module (ECM) has detected that the camshaft timing on Bank 2 (the engine side not containing cylinder 1) is excessively retarded beyond the intended adjustment range by the VVT system.

Role of Camshaft Timing
The VVT system adjusts the camshaft timing to optimize valve timing based on engine speed and load, improving power, efficiency, and emissions. The ECM uses signals from the Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP) and Crankshaft Position Sensor (CKP) to regulate this process. When the camshaft timing lags too far (over-retarded), P0022 is triggered.

Common Trigger Conditions

• Excessive retardation of camshaft timing.
• Malfunction in the VVT system (e.g., oil control valve or actuator).
• Sensor or circuit issues.

2. Potential Causes and Specific Issues of P0022

P0022 can arise from various factors. Below is a detailed list of common causes, supported by real-world examples:

• (1) Faulty Variable Valve Timing (VVT) Solenoid
  Issue: The VVT solenoid, which controls oil flow to the camshaft actuator, fails or sticks.
  Example: In a 2016 Toyota Highlander, a clogged VVT solenoid caused improper oil pressure, leading to over-retarded timing and P0022.
  Cause: Contamination from dirty engine oil.
• (2) Low or Contaminated Engine Oil
  Issue: Insufficient or degraded oil impairs VVT operation, affecting camshaft adjustment.
  Example: A 2014 Nissan Altima with overdue oil changes had sludged oil, triggering P0022 due to restricted VVT movement.
  Cause: Infrequent oil changes or use of low-quality oil.
• (3) Camshaft Timing Chain or Gear Issues
  Issue: A stretched timing chain or worn camshaft gear causes misalignment.
  Example: A 2015 Ford Edge exhibited P0022 after its timing chain stretched, delaying camshaft timing on Bank 2.
  Cause: Prolonged high-mileage use without replacement.
• (4) Camshaft Position Sensor (CMP) Malfunction
  Issue: A faulty CMP sensor sends incorrect position data to the ECM.
  Example: A 2018 Honda Pilot had a CMP sensor with intermittent signal drops, resulting in P0022.
  Cause: Sensor wear or wiring damage.
• (5) ECM or VVT Control Module Failure
  Issue: ECM software errors or hardware faults misjudge camshaft timing.
  Example: A 2017 Subaru Outback triggered P0022 due to an ECM firmware glitch that was later addressed by a recall.
  Cause: Unupdated software or internal ECM defects.

3. Symptoms of P0022

Symptoms of P0022 vary based on the underlying issue. Here are common signs and their causes:

• Reduced Engine Performance
  Symptom: Sluggish acceleration or lack of power, especially at higher RPMs.
  Cause: Improper valve timing affects combustion efficiency.
• Rough Idle or Misfires
  Symptom: Engine shakes or misfires, particularly at idle.
  Cause: Misaligned camshaft timing disrupts the air-fuel mixture.
• Increased Fuel Consumption
  Symptom: Noticeable rise in fuel usage.
  Cause: Inefficient combustion due to timing errors.
• Check Engine Light On
  Symptom: MIL illuminates on the dashboard.
  Cause: ECM detects over-retarded timing.
• Engine Stalling
  Symptom: Engine stalls, especially during low-speed operation.
  Cause: Severe timing misalignment.

4. Vehicles Prone to P0022 and Case Studies

P0022 is prevalent in vehicles with VVT systems. Below are notable examples:

• Toyota Highlander (2010-2016)
  Issue: Faulty VVT solenoid.
  Symptom: Rough idle and reduced power.
• Nissan Altima (2013-2018)
  Issue: Contaminated engine oil.
  Symptom: Poor acceleration and misfires.
• Ford Edge (2011-2015)
  Issue: Stretched timing chain.
  Symptom: Engine noise and power loss.
• Honda Pilot (2016-2019)
  Issue: Malfunctioning CMP sensor.
  Symptom: Intermittent stalling.
• Subaru Outback (2015-2018)
  Issue: ECM software error.
  Symptom: No performance issues but MIL on.

5. Steps to Diagnose P0022

Diagnosing P0022 requires a structured approach. Follow these steps:

• Step 1: Read Trouble Codes and Data Stream
  Tool: iCarsoft CR MAX or equivalent OBD-II scanner.
  Action: Connect to the OBD-II port, retrieve P0022 and related codes, and review CMP and CKP live data.
  Key Data:
  • Camshaft timing advance/retard angle: Should be within ±5 degrees of target.
  • Oil pressure (if equipped): Verify VVT system operation.
  Example: The Highlander showed a 10-degree retardation.
• Step 2: Visual Inspection
  Checkpoints:
  • Engine oil level and condition: Look for sludge or low levels.
  • VVT solenoid and wiring: Check for blockages or damage.
  • Timing chain/cover: Inspect for wear or leaks.
  Example: The Altima had thick, sludged oil.
• Step 3: Test the VVT Solenoid
  Tool: Multimeter.
  Action:
  • Measure resistance: Typically 7-15 ohms (per manual).
  • Apply 12V to test solenoid operation.
  Example: The Highlander’s solenoid showed infinite resistance.
• Step 4: Inspect the Timing Chain
  Action:
  • Remove the timing cover and check chain stretch or gear alignment.
  • Verify tensioner pressure.
  Example: The Edge’s chain had stretched 2% beyond spec.
• Step 5: Verify the CMP Sensor and ECM
  Action:
  • Test CMP sensor signal with an oscilloscope.
  • Update ECM firmware or test with a spare unit.
  Example: The Pilot’s CMP signal was unstable; the Outback’s update cleared P0022.

6. Solutions and Implementation

Apply these repairs based on diagnostic findings:

• Replace the VVT Solenoid
  Part: Toyota OEM VVT solenoid (~$120).
  Steps: Replace the solenoid, flush the oil system, and refill with fresh oil.
  Example: The Highlander’s issue resolved post-replacement.
• Change Engine Oil and Filter
  Part: Synthetic oil and OEM filter (~$50).
  Example: The Altima’s performance improved after an oil change.
• Replace the Timing Chain
  Part: Ford OEM timing chain kit (~$400).
  Example: The Edge’s timing synchronized after chain replacement.
• Replace the CMP Sensor
  Part: Honda OEM CMP sensor (~$90).
  Example: The Pilot’s signal stabilized post-replacement.
• Update ECM Software
  Tool: Dealer equipment.
  Example: The Outback’s false code stopped after the update.

7. Repair Costs and Precautions

• VVT Solenoid: $150-$300.
• Oil Change: $50-$100.
• Timing Chain: $600-$1500.
• CMP Sensor: $100-$250.
• ECM Update: $0-$150.

Precautions

• Recalibrate timing and clear codes after repairs.
• Use manufacturer-recommended oil and parts.

8. Preventive Measures

• Change engine oil every 5,000-7,500 miles with quality synthetic oil.
• Inspect the timing chain every 60,000 miles.
• Regularly check CMP sensor and wiring for wear.
• Perform periodic vehicle scans to catch issues early.

Summary

The P0022 trouble code indicates over-retarded camshaft timing on Bank 2, often due to VVT solenoid failure, oil issues, or timing chain wear. Through case studies—like the solenoid clog in the Toyota Highlander or the chain stretch in the Ford Edge—and detailed diagnostics, this guide empowers readers to identify and resolve the problem. Timely action restores engine performance. For thorough diagnostics, tools like the iCarsoft CR MAX from www.icarsoft-us.com can ensure the vehicle operates at its peak by providing real-time data and code-clearing capabilities.